INSECTICIDE REMEDIATION RAPID REMOVAL OF TOXAPHENE USING ANAEROBIC BIOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY

Toxaphene could be a broad spectrum insect powder that is primarily wont to management pests on crops and ectoparasites on eutherian chemical has been shown to be extremely cytotoxic to fish and mammals moreover as having agent and cancer properties. Moreover, it’s extremely stable and may move the atmosphere for years. as a result of its persistence and toxicity, toxaphene was taken off the market in 1982. cardinal sites, contaminated with toxaphene, were known and enclosed on the National Priority List by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA).

Investigations have shown that toxaphene is biodegradable by anaerobic processes. The U.S. EPA Environmental Response Team Center (U.S. EPA ERTC) associate degreed Response Engineering and Analytical Contract (REAC) personnel have with success developed an anaerobic method for removal of toxaphene from soil. Results of 3 sites cleanup operations are summarized below. The objective of those studies was to get rid of toxaphene from contaminated soil using anaerobic bioremediation technology. Composite soil samples, collected from every site, were screened for toxaphenedegradative activity in bench-scale studies using standard recipes. Once activity was known, plans for site cleanup were initiated.

Site Description. Studies were conducted at 3 sites: (1) Laahty Family Dip Vat (LDV), (2) Henry O Dip Vat (HDV), and (3) river Indian Community (GRIC) sites.

The two dip vat sites were clean up beneath a joint cooperative effort between the Pueblo workplace of Environmental Protection (POEP), the U.S. EPA, and the U.S. EPA/ERTC. each sites were former locations of eutherian mammal dip vat facilities within the Pueblo of Zuni near Gallup Gallup, New Mexico. every site consisted of a holding corral, a concrete dipping trench having a capability of two,500-5,000 gallons (9,464-18,927 liters) of pesticidal formulation, a drip pad, and a chemical disposal space. On AN annual basis, eutherian mammal were herded into the holding corral, driven through the dipping trench, and control within the drip pad space to dry. once the eutherian mammal had been treated, the formulation was drained from the ditch to a neighborhood used for disposal. Over time, the chemical disposal space became extensively contaminated with toxaphene and different pesticides. Dip vat sites were prioritized for cleanup supported their proximity to human habitation and to streams and wetlands. Toxaphene levels in soil samples were as high as 800 mg/kg.  Contaminated soil at each sites was dug up and stockpiled.

During construction of a trench on Gila River Indian Community (GRIC) property close to Chandler, Arizona, staff detected a powerful chlorine odor and exhausted thearea. analysis of previous aerial images indicated that the area was the former location of an airstrip used by crop dusters. It absolutely was believed that soil became contaminated because of crop dusters and chemical transport trucks voidance and remotion their storage tanks on or close to the runway. High levels of toxaphene were found in site soil samples with contamination levels starting from 15,000 to 24,000 mg/kg. Contaminated soil was dug up and transported to a delegated space for temporary storage unfinished treatment.

Soil samples were extracted for sixteen hours during a Soxhlet equipment using 1:1 (v:v)hexane:acetone as extracting solvent. Toxaphene was analyzed in solvent extracts employing a changed gas chromatography/electron capture (GC/ECD) technique developed by ERTC/REAC laboratories.

Bench-Scale Studies. Composited soil samples were at the start screened through a #10 chrome steel sieve to get rid of giant particulates, extensively mixed, and so analyzed for toxaphene content. Soil was screened for toxaphene-degradative activity in bench-scale anaerobic reactors using normal recipes. Reactors consisted of one hundred twenty five cc liquid body substance bottles with one hundred cc operating volumes.

Reactors were charged with twenty five grams of soil (dryweight) and with variable amounts of dried blood meal. The soil and blood meal were suspended in sodium phosphate buffer to 100 mL. The beginning pH ranged from 6.5-7.3.Reactors were incubated at temperature for up to fifty six days with samples collected at Days zero, 28, or 56. At every sampling time, duplicate or triplicate reactors were harvested,analyzed for toxaphene content, and values averaged.

Field-Scale Studies (LDV site). Soil at the LDV website was dug up and stockpiled with a complete soil volume of 253 yd three (193 m³). The soil pile was turned over with a shovel to combine the soil. The anaerobic cell was then created with dimensions of 73 ft (22.3 m) by 30 ft (9.1 m) by 4 ft (1.2 m) and then lined with a plastic liner. The soil was more to Field-scale studies were conducted to get rid of toxaphene from soil at 2 abandoned livestock dip vat sites and at an abandoned air strip using anaerobic bioreme-diation technology. The dip vat cleanup studies were a joint collaboration between the Pueblo workplace of Environmental Protection (POEP) and also the U.S Environmental Protection Agency/Environmental Response Team Center Laahty Family Dip Vat (LDV), Henry O Dip Vat (HDV), and Gila River Indian (U.S.EPA/ERTC). Composite samples, collected from the Community (GRIC) sites, were screened for toxaphene-degradative activity in bench-scale studies and located to be active. In field-scale studies, results showed that initial toxaphene levels attenuated from twenty nine mg/kg to four mg/kg (86% removal) in thirty one days at the LDV site employing a commonplace instruction consisting of blood meal and phos-phate buffer. At the HDV site, toxaphene levels in 2 anaerobic cells attenuated from 17-29 mg/kg to 6-9 mg/kg in 61-76 days, the extent of removal starting from 65-69%.

Using a changed phosphate buffer-blood meal instruction for cleanup at the GRIC site,toxaphene levels reduced from 29-34 mg/kg to 4-5 mg/kg in roughly a hundred ninety days,with removal levels starting from 83-88%. Cleanup prices ranged from $149-$337/m³.